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The Young Lords, later Young Lords Organization and, in New York (notably Spanish Harlem), Young Lords Party, was a Puerto Rican nationalist group in several United States cities, notably New York City and Chicago. ==Founding== The Young Lords began as a Puerto Rican turf gang in the Chicago neighborhood of Lincoln Park in the fall of 1960 and as a civil and human rights movement on Grito de Lares, September 23, 1968. During Mayor Daley's tenure, Puerto Ricans in Lincoln Park (the first hub of Puerto Ricans in Chicago) and several Mexican communities were completely evicted from areas near the Loop, lakefront, Old Town, Lakeview and Lincoln Park, in order to increase property tax revenues. When they realized that urban renewal was evicting their families from their barrios and witnessed police abuses, some Puerto Ricans became involved in the June 1966 Division Street Riots in Wicker Park and Humboldt Park.〔Perez,Gina M. "The Near Northwest Side Story:Migration,Displacement and Puerto Rican Families" 2005〕 They were officially reorganized from the gang into a civil and human rights movement by Jose Cha Cha Jimenez, who was the last president of the former gang and became the founder of the new Young Lords Movement.〔() "Young Lords in Lincoln Park: oral history collection," Grand Valley State University| special collections〕 Puerto Rican self determination and the displacement of Puerto Ricans and poor residents from prime real estate areas for profit became the primary focus of the original movement. Since there were few Latino students and no outspoken leadership at the time, the former street-gang transformed themselves, training leadership and organizing the broad community.〔Jeffries,Judson "From Gang-bangers to Urban Revolutionaries: The Young Lords of Chicago," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (Autumn 2003)〕 Multiple chapters began forming nationwide with several in NYC and on July 26, 1969, the national headquarters in Chicago asked a loose coalition of chapters to form the New York branch. Later, they were sanctioned as the regional chapter, accepting neighborhood empowerment and Puerto Rican self-determination as the unifying mission.〔Jennifer 8. Lee, ("The Young Lords' Legacy of Puerto Rican Activism" ), ''New York Times'', City Room blog, Aug. 24 2009.〕 The national office in Chicago, where the movement originated, gave approval primarily because New York then was where nearly 80% of the Puerto Ricans on the mainland lived and therefore was then the center of the Puerto Rican diaspora. Never the less the Young Lords originated from the transformed Lumpen Proletariat of Chicago which mobilized various social classes and various ethnic People's in the community. The office in Chicago was attempting to build a nationwide grassroots movement within the barrios to unite Puerto Ricans and other Latinos to carry out its mission to free Puerto Rico. The New York chapter formed just ten months after the Young Lords Movement began in Lincoln Park, Chicago, and after the Young Lords had already gained national prominence by leading protests against conditions faced by Puerto Ricans on the mainland. Media-savvy and adjacent to the New York media centers, the New York chapter located in a heavily Puerto Rican district, provided the then needed support for the national headquarters, which was then being suppressed by Chicago's city government. They also helped to catapult the movement to more prominence.〔(" Grand Valley State University," )〕 National headquarter's first action was ransacking and the closure of the Department of Urban Renewal office in Chicago. Later, in New York, it was their "Garbage Offensive" which sparked the chapter. Both offensives targeted local city governments calling for community control or neighborhood empowerment while linking it to international movements and their primary mission to free Puerto Rico. They mounted occupations of institutions in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood and these actions spread the group across the country. The New York members first read about Chicago's Young Lords in an issue of the Black Panther newspaper which spoke about actions and repression of the group. They followed the pattern set by Chicago and did a takeover of the First Spanish United Methodist Church in East Harlem on December 28, 1969,〔 This was after the sit in at Chicago's Grant Hospital, the take-over of People's Park, the occupation of McCormick Seminary and the June occupation of Chicago's People's Church where the Young Lords set up free community programs.〔Chicago Sun Times| Boyer, Brian D." Gangs Day Care Center to open"| August 22, 1969〕 Pastor Rev. Bruce Johnson was part of the Northside Cooperative Ministry that worked on social justice concerns and were able to direct funds for the Young Lords programs. The assistant pastor of the Young Lords People's Church in Chicago, Rev.Sergio Herrera, was of Cuban ancestry and did not agree with the Young Lords' church occupation nor the murals of Che Guevara and Don Pedro Albizú Campos at first. He later participated in the neighborhood events. The day after the May 1969 Armitage Avenue United Methodist Church occupation, the Young Lords set up programs there and it remained the Young Lords national headquarters for nearly two years. The church's pastor and his wife, Reverend Bruce Johnson and Eugenia Ransier Johnson, were both found murdered, stabbed multiple times in their parsonage home on September 29, 1969. Rev. Sergio Herrera was transferred to Los Angeles and soon after was also discovered dead. The murders of U.M.C. Pastor Rev. Bruce Johnson and his wife and the assistant pastor, U.M.C. Rev. Sergio Herrera are suspicious and remain unsolved cold cases today. The Young Lords have held several events together with the United Methodist Church calling for an investigation to no avail. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Young Lords」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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